Question and Answer: Piscine Reovirus
PISCINE REOVIRUS (PRV)
Q: What is PRV?
Piscine Reovirus is a virus that can infect Atlantic and Pacific salmonids. Reoviruses get their name because many are respiratory and !nteric Q.rphans. They are called "orphans" because many are viruses without an associated disease. PRV is new to fish health research. At this point, there has been no link between the presence of PRV and any disease.
Might have to disagree there! Piscine Reovirus (PRV) is a and has been imported from Norway by your Norwegian feedlot companies and certainly has been linked to heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI).
'The first detection of piscine reovirus (PRV) in marinefish species':
"A severe disease affecting farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in Norway is heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI). The etiology of the disease is unknown. However, in 2010, piscine reovirus (PRV) was identified in fish from an outbreak of HSMI as well as in experimentally challenged fish (Palacios et al. 2010). The disease generally affects Atlantic salmon several months after transfer to seawater, when the fish weigh approximately 1 kg. Morbidity is high, as most fish in a sea cage are affected with histopathological lesions in the heart and skeletal muscle. However, the mortality varies from almost insignificant to 20% (Kongtorp et al. 2004). HSMI was first described in 1999 and the number of outbreaks has increased, with 131 registered outbreaks in 2010 (Bornøeet al. 2011). The causative agent of the disease is assumed to be a naked, double-stranded RNA virus related to the Reoviridae group, named PRV (Palacios et al. 2010). PRV is detected in both farmed and wild Atlantic salmon. In wild Atlantic salmon PRV has only been detected in low quantities (Palacios et al. 2010). For PRV and other viral pathogens that cause economic losses in aquaculture there is a potential for the transfer of virus from wild to farmed fish and vice versa. Other viral reservoirs and vectors in the marine environment are also possible.
Q: Is PRV found in BC?
PRV was first detected in Norway in 2010 and was subsequently found to be in BC. PRV has been found in both wild and farm-raised salmon.
Yep! Detected in Norway in 2010 and somehow the same exact Norwegian strain is now being found in BC farmed salmon!
Q: What impact does PRV have on salmon?
PRV has been detected in healthy fish in healthy populations, showing that its presence does not mean disease occurs. At the present time PRV appears to be a benign virus that may have been long present in the world's ocean. PRV has never been linked to the death of a farm-raised salmon in BC.
'The first detection of piscine reovirus (PRV) in marinefish species':
"The fish species that tested positive with the PRV-specific real-time PCR are common species found along the Norwegian coast at different periods of the year."
"For PRV and other viral pathogens that cause economic losses in aquaculture there is a potential for the transfer of virus from wild to farmed fish and vice versa. Other viral reservoirs and vectors in the marine environment are also possible.
That would be long present in the Norwegian ocean - would NOT be the world's, yet.
'Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation of Farmed Salmon Is Associated with Infection with a Novel
Reovirus'
"Disease can be induced in naive fish by experimental injection with tissue homogenate from HSMI diseased fish or by cohabitation with fish with HSMI[1]. Virus-like particles have been observed[4]; however, efforts to implicate an
infectious agent by using culture, subtractive cloning andconsensus polymerase chain reaction for detection of other viruses found in salmon aquaculture including infectious pancreaticnecrosis virus, salmonoid alphavirus, infectious salmon anemia virus have been unsuccessful.
"Here we provide evidence that HSMI is associated with infection with a novel reovirus. Piscine reovirus (PRV) was
identified through high-throughput pyrosequencing of serum and heart tissue of experimentally infected fish using novel frequency analysis methods as well as standard alignment methods.
"Unlike terrestrial animal farming, where contact between domestic and free ranging wild animals of the same or closely related species is easily monitored and controlled, ocean based aquaculture is an open system wherein farmed fish may incubate and transmit infectious agents to already diminishing stocks of wild fish. Formal implication of PRV in HSMI will require isolation in cell culture and fulfillment of Koch’s postulates, or prevention or modification of disease through use of specific drugs or vaccines. Nonetheless, as our data indicate that a causal relationship is
plausible, it is urgent that measures be taken to control PRV not only because it threatens domestic salmon production but also due to the potential for transmission to wild salmon populations.
Q: But isn't a virus a disease?
No, there are millions of viruses in every drop of water. The vast majority can be carried by all manner of living things, and never cause disease. Just because a virus is detected does not mean a disease is present. Other reoviruses have been found for decades in wild fish.
Yep, virus isn't a disease; however, guess what - once it is recognized as causing (HSMI) it will no longer be considered a "reovirus!
Q: Do salmon farmers test for PRV?
No, as it is not linked to disease, it is not tested for by salmon farmers. As well, DFO and CFIA do not have PRV on the list of reportable diseases/pathogens.
That simply is not true! Dr Marty tested for PRV in 2010, with negative results. NO PRV detected in 2010. Both DFO and CFIA publically stated PRV was NOT present in BC. Problem with that, Dr Marty also tested again in 2012 and advised 70% of "farmed Atlantic salmon tested positive?
Time to put PRV on that
list of reportable diseases/pathogens.
Q: What about the link between PRV and HSMI (Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation)? There has been no causal link between PRV and HSMI. A paper published in Norway in 2012 suggests that PRV is a cause of HSMI, but the paper notes specifically that the finding of PRV does not establish an HSMI diagnosis- and the paper's conclusions are not uniformly accepted. While PRV has been found in BC, HSMI has not.
Might want to read:
'The first detection of piscine reovirus (PRV) in marinefish species' and
'Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation of Farmed Salmon Is Associated with Infection with a Novel Reovirus'
Q: Is there any human health risk with either PRV or HSMI? No, PRV and HSMI are not a human health risk
HSMI is the disease and not considered human health risk, especially as the PRV virus is known to die after the HSMI disease progresses.
HOWEVER; PRV is a virus "implicated in numerous diseases of poultry, including enteritis, myocarditis, and hepatitis. One might want to read
'Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation of Farmed Salmon Is Associated with Infection with a Novel Reovirus' a little closer, and in particular
'Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase of Reoviridae" -
A LOT CLOSER before stating PRV not a human health risk!!!! It actually shows under "Orthorovirus - 10 segments" as that shows and establishesa link between the "Mammalian orthoreovirus and "Avian orthoreovirus . You are feeding humans a virus linked to a mammals known to cause heart diseases? Might want to think about "Bird Flu" there:
"Moreover, PRV has been also detected in low quantities in wild Atlantic salmon. Nonetheless, the tissue distribution and load of PRV are correlated with disease in naturally and experimentally infected salmon. Analogies between commercial poultry production and Atlantic salmon aquaculture may be informative. Reoviruses are also implicated in numerous diseases of poultry, including enteritis, myocarditis, and hepatitis[13]. Both poultry production and aquaculture confine animals at high density in conditions that are conducive to transmission of infectious agents
and may reduce resistance to disease by induction of stress.