Great read. Another very interesting article with comments from our author from last summer. Is it whale crisis, fish crisis...or something else?
Terminal Fisheries
Known-stock terminal fisheries, practiced by Indigenous nations for thousands of years, could help solve salmon decline
Anna Kemp
July 20, 2018
Until approximately 120 years ago, the majority of BC salmon fisheries were terminal fisheries, practiced by First Nations. Terminal fisheries manage and harvest salmon in or near their natal streams, as they return to spawn. The development of industrial fisheries on the coast restricted and even outlawed many of these Indigenous terminal fisheries, fundamentally changing how salmon were managed in BC.
BC’s wild salmon now face a complex array of pressures, from habitat loss and degradation, to fish farm diseases, to climate change. Harvesting places additional pressure on already stressed populations. Many rivers see lower salmon returns every year, and our current fisheries management system has led to many populations being listed as threatened or endangered. Many argue we need to return to fisheries management strategies practiced successfully by First Nations for literally thousands of years. Shifting more of our commercial fisheries to known-stock terminal fisheries will help us rebuild endangered salmon populations, maintain the ecological health of our watersheds, and support economic development in First Nations fishing communities.
“Clearly, the management system that was in place prior to colonization was much more successful than the one we have now. Pre-contact, we saw the persistence of salmon populations and vibrant fishing economies through thousands of years, and now, post-contact, we have many populations in the critical red zone.”
Under current fisheries management practices, the majority of our commercial fisheries are marine mixed-stock. Greg Taylor, a fisheries management advisor who has worked in the BC seafood industry for over 30 years, explains the key challenge with marine mixed-stock fisheries:
“In the Fraser River there are 44 genetically distinct populations of sockeye and the only real similarity between them, other than being sockeye, is they all pass under Port Mann Bridge. Mixed-stock marine fisheries focus on just a few productive populations with most weaker populations of sockeye harvested as incidental bycatch. This, unfortunately, includes many critically endangered populations which cannot withstand the fishing pressure.”
While improvements to fishing and management practices are decreasing the impact of marine mixed-stock fisheries, a large part of the solution lies in moving fishing effort to known-stock terminal fisheries. Moving fishing effort to known-stock terminal fisheries allows for selective harvesting of only the productive salmon populations, and conserving those in danger of being overfished.
Taylor says preserving these genetically distinct populations is critical for the survival of salmon as a species.
“We are living through a difficult time in the history of salmon. Climate change is fundamentally altering their habitats and transforming the whole North Pacific ecosystem….Salmon are genetically diverse because they have evolved since the last ice age to recolonize huge territories with vastly different habitats. As we lose genetic diversity, we lose the adaptability of the species as a whole.”
Genetic diversity is not only important for future salmon fisheries. Success in current fisheries relies on a diversity of genetically-distinct salmon populations.
“Populations go up and down each year, and often not in tandem. If you have a diversity of populations it allows you to maintain commercial fisheries over time.”
David Moore, business manager at River Select, has been working to support terminal fisheries for many years. River Select is a fisheries cooperative that provides Indigenous terminal fisheries with logistics and marketing support. They currently work with five member companies from around the province.
River Select grew out of a policy board, the Inland Salmon Producers Association (ISPA), created with help from federal government funding to facilitate best practices around the growth and development of modern commercial terminal fisheries.
“ISPA created a First Nations self-certification system for the emerging inland commercial salmon fishery around a framework of quality, value and sustainability…. We had an involved understanding of terminal fisheries. We demonstrated they are viable, sustainable, and there are markets for these fish. But we realized the board was not the place for business, so we worked with a co-op developer and created River Select.”
One of River Select’s current initiatives is tied to the notion of traceability. They include a QR code on each package that links to stories and images about the fishery it came from.
“All salmon are different, depending which population they come from. They have different qualities, different tastes, and may be each best suited to different products. This really speaks to traditional knowledge.You can look at how traditional preparation methods were tied to those qualities and bring out the best depending on where they were harvested.”
Developing commercial terminal fisheries is more than a business proposition; it builds towards economic reconciliation for indigenous fishing communities whose economies were crippled by colonization.
Desiree Loyie, assistant manager at Talok Fisheries, grew up in the small communities of Lake Babine Nation in BC’s north. Now living with her family in Prince George, Desiree travels back every summer to her family’s home in Old Fort, and to Tachet where Talok Fisheries, a member of River Select, operates.
Communities in the territories of Lake Babine Nation are pretty quiet most of the year. But when the sockeye return, the communities come alive. People have a chance to earn some income as well as catch the salmon which will sustain them through the long winter months.
“Our people are salmon people. We live off salmon and rely on it heavily. A lot of people in our communities are low-income families. The salmon are a big part of how our people are able to survive. And there are so few opportunities for jobs or making money on reserve, the jobs created by Talok help our people immensely.”
Unfortunately, low returns, like last year’s, mean Talok’s commercial fishery does not open.