Infectious salmon anemia

twinwinds

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Infectious salmon anemia
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Orthomyxoviridae

Virus classification
Group: Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Family: Orthomyxoviridae


Genera
Influenzavirus A
Influenzavirus B
Influenzavirus C
Isavirus
Thogotovirus

Infectious salmon anemia or anaemia (ISA) is a viral disease of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) that affects fish farms in Canada, Norway, Scotland and Chile, causing severe losses to infected farms[1].

The aetiological agent of ISA is the infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). ISAV, a RNA virus, is the only species in the genus "Isavirus" which is in the family Orthomyxoviridae.

Contents [hide]
1 Pathology
2 Spread of the disease
3 Transmission
4 Control and treatment
5 References



[edit] Pathology
As the name implies, it causes severe anemia of infected fish. Unlike mammals, the red blood cells of fish have DNA, and can become infected with viruses. The fish develop pale gills, and may swim close to the water surface, gulping for air. However, the disease can also develop without the fish showing any external signs of illness, the fish maintain a normal appetite, and then they suddenly die. The disease can progress slowly throughout an infected farm and, in the worst cases, death rates may approach 100%. Post-mortem examination of the fish has shown a wide range of causes of death. The liver and spleen may be swollen, congested or partially already dead. The circulatory system may stop working, and the blood may be contaminated with dead blood cells. Red blood cells still present often burst easily and the numbers of immature and damaged blood cells are increased.

Infectious salmon anemia appears to be most like influenza viruses. Its mode of transfer and the natural reservoirs of infectious salmon anemia virus are not fully understood. Apart from Atlantic salmon, both sea-run Brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) can be infected, but do not become sick, so it is thought possible that these species may act as important carriers and reservoirs of the virus.


[edit] Spread of the disease
In the autumn of 1984, a new disease was observed in Atlantic salmon being farmed along the southwest coast of Norway. The disease, which was named Infectious salmon anemia, spread slowly. By June 1988 it had become sufficiently widespread and serious to require the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food to declare it a notifiable disease.

In the summer of 1996, a new disease appeared in Atlantic salmon being farmed in New Brunswick, Canada. The death rate of the fish on affected farms was very high and, following extensive scientific examination of the victims, the disease was named "hemorrhagic kidney syndrome." Although the source and distribution of this disease was not known, the results of studies by Norwegian and Canadian scientists showed conclusively that the same virus was responsible for both infectious salmon anemia and hemorrhagic kidney syndrome.

In May 1998, a salmon farm at Loch Nevis on the west coast of Scotland reported its suspicions of an outbreak of infectious salmon anemia. The suspicions were confirmed, and by the end of the year, the disease had spread to an additional fifteen farms not only on the Scottish mainland but also on Skye and Shetland.

More recently (2008) there has been another outbreak of ISA in the Shetlands[2]. ISA was detected in fish from just one site, which has since been harvested and will remain fallow. There is no evidence the disease has spread beyond this site, but two nearby SSF cages are under suspicion of carrying the disease and are also now clear of fish.

Chile has been dealing with a ISA outbreak over the last two years. This has spread nationwide and has caused havoc in what was a booming industry.


[edit] Transmission
Transmission of the virus has been demonstrated to occur by contact with infected fish or their secretions. Contact with equipment or people who have handled infected fish also transmits the virus. The virus can survive in seawater and, not surprisingly, a major risk factor for any uninfected farm is its proximity to an already infected farm.

More recently the sea louse, a small crustacean parasite that attacks the protective mucous, scales and skin of the salmon has been shown to carry the virus passively on its surface and in its digestive tract, although transmission of the disease by sea lice has not been demonstrated. It is not known whether the Infectious salmon anemia virus can reproduce itself in the sea louse, although this is a remote possibility as viruses are usually very host specific unlike bacterial diseases that can replicate in ticks such as Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.


[edit] Control and treatment
ISA is major threat to the viability of salmon farming and is now the first of the diseases classified on List One of the European Commission’s fish health regime. Amongst other measures, this requires the total eradication of the entire fish stock should an outbreak of the disease be confirmed on any farm. The economic and social consequences of both the disease and the measures used to control it are thus very far reaching.

Infectious salmon anemia is currently regarded as a serious threat not only to farmed salmon, but also to dwindling stocks of wild salmon. Anecdotal evidence suggests that fish which survive the first infection become immune to the virus. Work is now underway to develop a vaccine against ISA. A recent report suggests that the North American virus may be slightly different from the Norwegian virus. This makes it unlikely that the sudden appearance of the disease, at least in Canada, was due to the importation of infected Norwegian fish. The possibility then is that a single vaccine might only be effective in a limited area and maybe only for a limited time.


[edit] References
Ely, B. Infectious Salmon Anaemia. Mill Hill Essays, National Institute for Medical Research.
Raynard RS, Murray AG, Gregory A (2001) Infectious salmon anaemia virus in wild fish from Scotland, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, Vol. 46: 93-100
^ http://www.fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?l=e&ndb=1&id=30796
^ http://www.fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?l=e&ndb=1&id=31184 Fish Information and Services
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_salmon_anemia"
Categories: Fish diseases | Animal virology | Orthomyxoviridae
Hidden category: Articles needing additional references from September 2007
 
just thought it was interesting....Will this happen in B.C.? Will it have impacts on other species? halibut? Herring? Who knows...

Cheers
 
This is problably what thoose farmed fish I saw in Zeballas had, they where all sick as hell. Glad I don't eat that crap!

Take only what you need.
 
Good post Twin'.

This disease has followed salmon-farming around the globe and it is inevitable it will come here.

It has shown the ability to affect WILD salmon as well.

It is but one of the myriad of serious problems with this business and again, THANK-YOU NORWAY!
 
Hey Little Hawk,

Spreading more misinformation I see. Care to share the studies where ISA has infected wild PACIFIC salmon, and how they became infected from farmed salmon?
 
From: Making Sense of the Salmon Aquaculture Debate- Executive Summary, 2003, Dr J Gardener adn D.L. Peterson

quote:Viruses: The potential for farm sources of viral pathogens to increase infection of wild fish is reduced by the natural resistance of Pacific salmon to enzootic viruses. As well, the literature does not provide evidence that the viruses which have caused problems at farms have spread from the farms and had negative effects on wild salmon. Nevertheless, migrating salmon could be exposed to viruses such as infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) from farms at levels higher than those to which they are accustomed. In other parts of the world, infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) has been found to transfer from farms to wild fish.
The risk that the exposure will cause infection increases when farm sites act as reservoirs for the virus, especially if diseased fish are not culled. Good husbandry and lower stocking densities on the farms can make farm fish less vulnerable to infection and thus reduce the likelihood that salmon farms will act as reservoirs of viruses. However, efforts to control viral outbreaks are currently limited by a lack of effective treatments. The level of risk posed to wild salmon by viruses of farm origin is less than that from sea lice, and higher than that from bacteria.

So you want to play Russian Roulette with our wild fish???

So why do we allow foreign nationals to endanger our wild salmon??? Because we are stupid and keep electing governments who will sell thier souls to the devil if there is tax revenue and a few jobs in it.

Intruder2-2.jpg


20ft Alumaweld Intruder
 
Wordbender & Sockeye...

It appears your 'War-chest' of 'Denial, Deflection, and Defamation Words' is apparently empty.

Allow me a prediction: Regardless that this forum embraces the principles of 'Free Speech' for all, the day is not far off that the lowly likes of you two - who so vocally, readily embrace, promote & defend this environmental-holocaust called fish-farming - shall be shooed from this forum in disgrace, when the rest of my fellow fishermen learn of the real-agenda and real impacts of your sorry business.

Our Wild Pacific Salmon stand a chance; the likes of you do not.
 
quote:Originally posted by Cuba Libre

From: Making Sense of the Salmon Aquaculture Debate- Executive Summary, 2003, Dr J Gardener adn D.L. Peterson

quote:Viruses: The potential for farm sources of viral pathogens to increase infection of wild fish is reduced by the natural resistance of Pacific salmon to enzootic viruses. As well, the literature does not provide evidence that the viruses which have caused problems at farms have spread from the farms and had negative effects on wild salmon. Nevertheless, migrating salmon could be exposed to viruses such as infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) from farms at levels higher than those to which they are accustomed. In other parts of the world, infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) has been found to transfer from farms to wild fish.
The risk that the exposure will cause infection increases when farm sites act as reservoirs for the virus, especially if diseased fish are not culled. Good husbandry and lower stocking densities on the farms can make farm fish less vulnerable to infection and thus reduce the likelihood that salmon farms will act as reservoirs of viruses. However, efforts to control viral outbreaks are currently limited by a lack of effective treatments. The level of risk posed to wild salmon by viruses of farm origin is less than that from sea lice, and higher than that from bacteria.

So you want to play Russian Roulette with our wild fish???

So why do we allow foreign nationals to endanger our wild salmon??? Because we are stupid and keep electing governments who will sell thier souls to the devil if there is tax revenue and a few jobs in it.

Intruder2-2.jpg


20ft Alumaweld Intruder

I Totally agree!
 
Its pretty obvious who signs their cheques. How one can defend the fish farm industry absolutely baffles my mind. To cash a cheque from that industry is almost criminal knowing what they are causing. Farm anything fish you want, just do it on land and their will be no more problems. Pretty simple eh? The fish that comes from those farms are totally disgusting!
 
I agree. It is just a matter of time before net pen fish farming becomes unacceptable like many other environmentally dangerous business/industrial practices. I say if you want farmed fish get them out of the water and into a tank. Let's keep working to get this industry to change before too much dmage is done.

Long live wild salmon!!!
lowrance.jpg
 
All they need is a little bit more rope [:p] and Campbell is the man to give it to them!

Take only what you need.
 
Timely post twinwinds, Here's the latest news from Scotland.

BBC News, 30th January 2009

Second case of salmon infection

A second case of the fish disease Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA) has been confirmed on Shetland.

Scientists said the disease was found at a fish farm close to the one in the Burra area which was confirmed with the infection on 2 January.

The Scottish Government said owners Hjaltland Sea Farms would "depopulate" its site as soon as possible.

The disease does not affect humans but can cause serious damage to stocks of farmed Atlantic salmon in seawater.

A controlled zone was set up on 2 January after the virus was found at an empty fish farm off Burra.

The virus was also suspected at two other sites in the area.

The movement of fish and equipment has been restricted.

Fish health inspectors will continue investigations in the area.

An outbreak of ISA on Shetland, the Western Isles and Orkney in 1998 and 1999 was estimated to have cost the industry £100m and led to the loss of 200 jobs.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/north_east/7861790.stm
 
There were some posts on another forum about avian influenza in BC. It got me to thinking;

A comparison between the recent Avian influenza outbreak on a turkey farm in Abbotsford, BC and the recent ISA outbreak on a salmon farm off the coast of the Shetland Islands near Scalloway, Scotland.

Similarities;
• Neither virus is endemic to the areas of the outbreaks.
• Both diseases were first detected in the month of January, 2009.
• The cause of both viral outbreaks remains uncertain.
• Both viruses can be transmitted by wild animals or poor husbandry practices.
• Both outbreaks are recurrences of viruses thought to have been previously eradicated from the areas.
• Both outbreaks occurred at high intensity industrial scale facilities.
• All animals had to be destroyed.
• Both facilities are now quarantined.
• Restrictions have been imposed on the movement of animals within the quarantine zone. (Poultry within a radius of 3 kilometres from the contaminated turkey farm and all movements of fish between fish farms have been banned within a radius of 2.8 kilomemtres from the contaminated open net-pens)

Differences;
• The diseased turkeys were grown in an enclosure (barn) that is mostly protected from the natural elements while the diseased salmon were grown in a net pen that is mostly open to the natural elements.
• The diseased turkeys were exhibiting symptoms prior to detection whereas the salmon had not displayed any symptoms and had already been harvested prior to detection.
• The diseased turkeys along with their excrement were contained and will be composted within the barn and only removed when it is certain that the virus has been eradicated, the diseased salmon were harvested and transported to a processing facility before the virus was diagnosed and their excrement was flushed into the receiving environment by currents flowing through the net pens.

Given these similarities and differences, which disease outbreak is most likely to be contained?
So far no new cases of avian influenza have been detected. Another infected salmon farm has been found not far from the site of the original infected site.

On another note, here is a letter to our Premier Campbell with some more new science published since twinwinds Wikipedia post;

Dear Premier Campbell:

I share Ms. Morton concern about the ISA threat to BC's salmon.

Vike, Nylund & Nylund (2009) find that the contemporary ISA virus strain in Chile groups genetically with exclusively Norwegian viruses, so it seems clear that vertical transmission through embryos imported from Norway is the cause of the recent epidemic in Chile.

It is worth remembering that the ISA epidemic in New Brunswick which began in 1996 eventually required the destruction of over 10 million farmed salmon, and a number of companies went bankrupt (Harvey & Milewski 2007). Canada's federal government paid out $32 million to farmers in 1997-98 and another $10 million in 2006. The province of New Brunswick paid $8 million to farmers in 1997-98.

As prices have risen in the last decade, it is likely that the direct cost of an ISA epidemic in BC would be at least $50 million. This is just the cost connected with farmed salmon.

Sincerely,
Neil Frazer
Professor

School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST)
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
808-956-3724
http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/asp/GG/people/people.asp?ID=2215

References
Vike, S, S. Nylund, & A. Nylund, 2009. ISA virus in Chile: Evidence of vertical transmission. Archives of Virology, 154(1):1-8.

Harvey, J. and I Milewski, 2007. Salmon aquaculture in the Bay of Fundy, Conservation Council of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB.
 
Cuba,

What journal is that refernce from, or is it just someone elses' opinion?
 
Thanks Cuba,

Found this in there:

"Knowledge gaps in disease issues and fish health
Most studies related to disease and fish farming are about diseases affecting the health of farm fish in connection with productivity. Few studies have focused on assessing the transfer of disease to wild salmon populations.
Two knowledge gaps prevent definitive conclusions on a causal link in the transfer of infectious disease between farmed and wild salmon in B.C.

First, we lack data on “normal” disease levels(including sea lice infections) in wild salmon, so we have no way of knowing if those levels are rising near salmon farms. There is insufficient baseline data on the health of wild salmon, the stresses to which they are now subject, and the pathogens to which they are most susceptible.

Second, because all of the diseases seen on salmon farms to date are also found in the wild it is very difficult to distinguish natural occurrence of disease in wild populations from disease originating from salmon farms.

Extensive research will be required to reliably determine the extent of the connection between disease in salmon farming and disease in wild salmon populations – or even to determine factors that affect the risk of transmission of diseases between farmed and wild populations. Following is a list of priority research needs:

• Monitor wild populations to investigate natural prevalence and range of diseases (including parasites) and to identify as yet unknown pathogens that exist in the wild.
• Establish the source of indigenous pathogens.
• Develop methods to detect changes in the level of disease in farmed and wild populations.
• Establish a structured disease surveillance program to determine relationships in the transmission of disease between farmed and wild salmon.
• Investigate the role of disease in early life cycle stages (fry and parr) and in the marine phase (especially regarding smolts)."

Kind of interesting reading don't you think. Especially the part about no causal link has been established. I would urge everyone to read the paper provide by Cuba.
 
Good read indeed, Cuba.
Researchers have been working hard to fill in some of those knowledge gaps in the last five years since the PFRCC's analysis was published. We should all be thankful for their hard work and dedication in doing that. A lot of what they have learned (especially with regards to sea lice transmission) is already posted in the "fish farm siting and politics" thread. I urge everyone here to read that thread if they haven't already done so. I'm sure more science will be done in the future that will fill more gaps. I just hope it's not too late.
 
Coming soon to fish farm friendly communities near you?
http://www.patagoniatimes.cl/index....ILE-SALMON-INDUSTRY-NETS-RECORD-EARNINGS.html

Early harvests led to record exports in 2008
Photo by Benjamin Witte

Companies Earn US$2.4 Billion, Lay Off 7,500 Workers

By all accounts 2008 was a very difficult year for Chile’s farmed salmon industry. Plagued by disease and pummeled by the press, the industry entered a “crisis” phase as it shed several thousand jobs. More layoffs are expected to follow.
The panorama of problems even prompted intervention by the government, which in late November announced it will guarantee some US$120 million in loans to struggling salmon companies. The rescue package is one of several recommendations made by a so-called Emergency Task Force, which the government convened last April in the wake of a scathing article published by the influential New York Times.

But year-end statistics are suddenly telling a different story. According to the Instituto de Fomento Pequero (IFOP), exports of farmed salmon and trout actually rose in 2008, netting a record US$2.475 billion – a 6.4 percent increase over 2007. In December alone, the industry exported 48,600 tons of salmon and trout, 2.5 percent more than the same month in 2007.

The IFOP stats match findings by the Centro de Estudios Nacionales de Desarrollo Alternativo (CENDA), which reported that by the end of October, the industry had already exported US$2.023 billion worth of fish: a 4.6 percent increase over the previous year.

In the meantime, salmon companies continue to send their workers packing. The government’s National Labor Directorate recently published its first official statistics on the industry labor situation, concluding that since the start in mid 2007 of a yet-to-be-contained outbreak of Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA), companies have laid off nearly 7,500 workers – far more than SalmonChile, the industry’s private producers association, had hitherto been willing to admit.

“It seems that one of the industry’s responses is to pass the costs and supposed losses along to the workers,” reads a recent CENDA report. “This is being shown by a major drop in production bonuses (paid to the workers), in the employability difficulties being reported recently by union leaders, and in the course of actions certain companies have already taken.”

Workers and labor leaders say the situation in Chile’s salmon farming areas – Region X and to a lesser degree XI – is dismal. Laid off salmon workers, whose low industry salaries made them already vulnerable to job loss, are having serious difficulty finding work elsewhere.

“The region totally depends on the salmon industry,” Rosa Bahamonde of the National Confederation of Salmon Workers (CONATRASAL) told the Patagonia Times. “Beyond that option, there’s practically nothing else to do. Everything’s linked directly or indirectly to the salmon industry.”

Analysts say companies enjoyed high export figures in 2008 because they prematurely harvested their fish – a strategy companies have employed in order to avoid losing their salmon to ISA. The real gravity of the crisis, in other words, is likely to manifest itself this year, when production could drop substantially.

Industry leader Marine Harvest forecasts it will produce just 30,000 tons of salmon in 2009, 60 percent less than in 2008. Globefish, an organization linked to the United Nations, predicts that Chile’s overall salmon production will fall by between 40 and 50 percent this year.

For Bahamonde and other industry workers, however, the industry’s record earnings in 2008 confirm what they have long suspected: that companies are using the ISA issue to justify long-standing plans to trim the labor force.

“I don’t expect things will improve easily, because of the ISA issue that’s affecting the industry, and also because companies have used this as an excuse to fire workers in order to mechanize the salmon farms and rely less on human labor,” said the CONATRASAL representative.

By Benjamin Witte ( patagoniatimes@gmail.comThis e-mail address is being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it )
 
quote:Originally posted by cuttlefish

There were some posts on another forum about avian influenza in BC. It got me to thinking;

A comparison between the recent Avian influenza outbreak on a turkey farm in Abbotsford, BC and the recent ISA outbreak on a salmon farm off the coast of the Shetland Islands near Scalloway, Scotland.

Similarities;
• Neither virus is endemic to the areas of the outbreaks.
• Both diseases were first detected in the month of January, 2009.
• The cause of both viral outbreaks remains uncertain.
• Both viruses can be transmitted by wild animals or poor husbandry practices.
• Both outbreaks are recurrences of viruses thought to have been previously eradicated from the areas.
• Both outbreaks occurred at high intensity industrial scale facilities.
• All animals had to be destroyed.
• Both facilities are now quarantined.
• Restrictions have been imposed on the movement of animals within the quarantine zone. (Poultry within a radius of 3 kilometres from the contaminated turkey farm and all movements of fish between fish farms have been banned within a radius of 2.8 kilomemtres from the contaminated open net-pens)

Differences;
• The diseased turkeys were grown in an enclosure (barn) that is mostly protected from the natural elements while the diseased salmon were grown in a net pen that is mostly open to the natural elements.
• The diseased turkeys were exhibiting symptoms prior to detection whereas the salmon had not displayed any symptoms and had already been harvested prior to detection.
• The diseased turkeys along with their excrement were contained and will be composted within the barn and only removed when it is certain that the virus has been eradicated, the diseased salmon were harvested and transported to a processing facility before the virus was diagnosed and their excrement was flushed into the receiving environment by currents flowing through the net pens.

Given these similarities and differences, which disease outbreak is most likely to be contained?
So far no new cases of avian influenza have been detected. Another infected salmon farm has been found not far from the site of the original infected site.

On another note, here is a letter to our Premier Campbell with some more new science published since twinwinds Wikipedia post;

Dear Premier Campbell:

I share Ms. Morton concern about the ISA threat to BC's salmon.

Vike, Nylund & Nylund (2009) find that the contemporary ISA virus strain in Chile groups genetically with exclusively Norwegian viruses, so it seems clear that vertical transmission through embryos imported from Norway is the cause of the recent epidemic in Chile.

It is worth remembering that the ISA epidemic in New Brunswick which began in 1996 eventually required the destruction of over 10 million farmed salmon, and a number of companies went bankrupt (Harvey & Milewski 2007). Canada's federal government paid out $32 million to farmers in 1997-98 and another $10 million in 2006. The province of New Brunswick paid $8 million to farmers in 1997-98.

As prices have risen in the last decade, it is likely that the direct cost of an ISA epidemic in BC would be at least $50 million. This is just the cost connected with farmed salmon.

Sincerely,
Neil Frazer
Professor

School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST)
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
808-956-3724
http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/asp/GG/people/people.asp?ID=2215

References
Vike, S, S. Nylund, & A. Nylund, 2009. ISA virus in Chile: Evidence of vertical transmission. Archives of Virology, 154(1):1-8.

Harvey, J. and I Milewski, 2007. Salmon aquaculture in the Bay of Fundy, Conservation Council of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB.
Excellent post cuttlefish - it's great having your input on this forum. Great posts also by Cuba (re: risks) and Sockeyefry (re: needed research).

This discussion (and where it is headed) is similar to the discussion on the fish farm thread re: risk analysis and exclusion zones zones for cattle in the NWT and AB found in Agentaqua's 03/28/2008 : 11:35:26 posting near the middle of the page on:

http://www.sportfishingbc.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=8847&whichpage=7

and then brought-up again with more details 3/4 down the page, posted - 04/18/2008 : 21:37:15 by Agentaqua on:

http://www.sportfishingbc.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=8847&whichpage=12

the #1 take home message for me is: Don't be arrogant and stupid and assume we humans know everything. That's what they said before the Titanic sunk, the chicken's got flu, and the cows got mad.

Humans make mistakes, because they don't know everything; and then get conceited and arrogant and defensive about that untenable position. Saying "OOOPS" means it is already too late.

Instead we should look at the risks (monitoring and research), and plan for that risk. Even fish farmers insure their cultured fish against loss - but since it's THEIR potential loss, and not OURS (i.e. wild stocks) - they don't care about THEIR impacts to our wild stocks.

This disease and parasitic risk assessment and response is something we HAVE NOT DONE.</u> for any of these disease or parasitic interactions. We have already talked about this at length on http://www.sportfishingbc.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=8847.

Certainly we have a long ways to go to emulate the CFIAs approach to cattle/bison interactions (as 1 example).

Look at the PSF's report, as well. They agree with this acknowledgement of the problems - something the ENGOs and locals have been saving for decades; while industry and DFO have been in a state of denial.

Sorry, sockeyefry - saying it will never happen in BC is NOT based on science, common sense, or responsible behaviour. Just because it has not happened yet is no safeguard that it won't.

What have we done to ensure that it won't? Not enough. That report that sockeyefry and cuba quote also agrees.

Only looked at transport of eggs and milt. That's 1 important potential vector - but there are many others. Some we know of; some we don't.

What we do find is that disease and parasitic transfer and infection can be complex, with many alternative pathways.

Ask the Scotch, or Norwegians about their experiences - and most importantly their failures (e.g. Gyrodactulus, ISA, sea lice and others). The 1 thing that is glaringly obvious - is that they f***ed-up when they took they "Nothing can go wrong" or the "It won't happen in my backyard" approaches.
 
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