Gag order silences Nanaimo scientist New research helps explain why salmon stocks a

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Article rank 27 Jul 2011 Times Colonist MARGARET MUNRO Postmedia News
Gag order silences Nanaimo scientist

New research helps explain why salmon stocks are dwindling

VANCOUVER — Top bureaucrats in Ottawa have muzzled a leading fisheries scientist whose discovery could help explain why salmon stocks have been crashing off the B.C. coast, according to documents obtained by Postmedia News.
The documents show the Privy Council Office, which supports the Prime Minister’s Office, stopped Kristi Miller from talking about one of the most significant discoveries to come out of a federal fisheries lab in years.
Science, one of the world’s top research journals, published Miller’s findings in January. The journal considered the work so significant it notified “over 7,400” journalists worldwide about Miller’s “Suffering Salmon” study.
Science told Miller to “please feel free to speak with journalists.” It advised reporters to contact Diane Lake, a media officer with the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans in Vancouver, “to set up interviews with Dr. Miller.”
Miller heads a $6-million salmon-genetics project at the federal Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo.
The documents show major media outlets were soon lining up to speak with Miller, but the Privy Council Office said no to the interviews.
The office also nixed a Fisheries Department news release about Miller’s study, saying the release “was not very good, focused on salmon dying and not on the new science aspect,” according to documents obtained by Postmedia News under the Access to Information Act.
Miller is still not allowed to speak publicly about her discovery and the Privy Council Office and Fisheries Department defend the way she has been silenced.
But observers say it is indefensible and more evidence of the way the government is undermining its scientists.
“There is no question in my mind it’s muzzling,” said Jeffrey Hutchings, a senior fisheries scientist at Halifax’s Dalhousie University.
“When the lead author of a paper in Science is not permitted to speak about her work, that is suppression,” he said.
The Privy Council Office and the Fisheries Department said Miller has not been permitted to discuss her work because of the Cohen Commission, a judicial inquiry created by the prime minister to look into declines of the Fraser River sockeye. She is expected to appear before the commission in late August.
“Fisheries and Oceans Canada is conscious of the requirement to ensure that our conduct does not influence the evidence or course of the inquiry,” department spokeswoman Melanie Carkner said in a written statement.
Hutchings doesn’t buy it, saying he finds it “inconceivable that the Cohen Commission would have viewed the communication of brand new scientific information as somehow interfering with its proceedings.”
To Hutchings, the muzzling of Miller is “all about control.”
The government released 762 pages of documents relating to the Miller study to Postmedia News. Many passages and pages were blacked out before they were released.
The documents give a glimpse of the way media strategists, communication specialists and officials control and script what government scientists say — or, in Miller’s case, do not say —about their research.
The documents show the Fisheries Department wanted to publicize Miller’s study, which raises the spectre of a mysterious virus killing huge numbers of Fraser River salmon before they reach their spawning grounds.
In November, two months before Miller’s findings were published in Science, Fisheries Department communications staff started preparing “media lines.”

The lines said Miller’s findings “demonstrate unequivocally that salmon are entering the river in a compromised state and that survivorship can be predicted based on gene expression more than 200 kilometres before salmon reach the river.”
 
"The government released 762 pages of documents relating to the Miller study to Postmedia News. Many passages and pages were blacked out before they were released. The documents give a glimpse of the way media strategists, communication specialists and officials control and script what government scientists say — or, in Miller’s case, do not say —about their research.
The documents show the Fisheries Department wanted to publicize Miller’s study, which raises the spectre of a mysterious virus killing huge numbers of Fraser River salmon before they reach their spawning grounds.
In November, two months before Miller’s findings were published in Science, Fisheries Department communications staff started preparing “media lines.”"

WTF is this bullshyt!!!! :mad: Is this the CIA, KGB, MI6 covert operations were talking about here all blacked out - or the susposedly above board, actions of a Federal PUBLIC Service staff charged with protecting our wild salmon stocks (yeah right, that's what it is supposed to be, but very sadly isn't!)

IMO this is inexcuseable, butt-covering on the part of incompetent and very corrupt senior Federal PUBLIC Servants and their corrupt political masters.

At the very least I hope that the Cohen Inquiry shows the level of incompetance, corruption and cover up that has taken place in DFO and that the media turns the pressure up to get the public to push for major changes in how wild salmon are managed. - I can only hope at this point!
 
It's hard to believe that there are no conspiracies going on behind closed doors when crap like this keeps happening.

But this is what science is all about. Create a theory that meets the needs of political or religious doctrine and then eliminate all the facts that don't agree with what you expect the public to believe. I've been doing a bunch of on-line research regarding archeology lately and it's amazing how much actual proof there is that all of the scientific theories currently accepted by the public have overwhelming masses of proof in the way of the fossil record etcetera that are buried by science because they don't fit with what we are expected to believe. In stead the scientists involved, like the one in this post, are gagged or even lose their jobs or have their funding cut because it goes against the grain.

We might as well face it. As long as there is business and government involved, we are never going to know the real or whole truth about anything.
 
Just read that report in the newspaper at work..... Put a sour taste in my mouth. That info will come out soon enough now though.
 
Thnxs for this. There has already been testimony at the Cohen Inquiry that DFO's Dr. Laura Richards (Science Branch) wouldn't allow Miller to talk about her study at a think tank of Canadian and US scientists looking into the 2009 FR sockeye collapse.

This is all rather baffling. If they didn't want their scientist to be interviewed, then why did they let her publish in Science in the first place? Incompetence?
 
It slays me that the public has to fight to gain access that we paid to collect. But at least in this case we can read the article in Science. Except, we'd probably all need PHDs in biology to rally understand it.
 
The "gag" order was imposed on DFO scientists 2-4 years ago.
Can't remember when exactly.
They are not allowed to speak publicly or discuss their work without prior approval from the Ministry.
Yeah, it sucks, but ..... nobody seems to be putting pressure on the government to free up the scientists.

The Science magazine article is not available for free online, but if you want the abstract, and can understand it, here goes:

Abstract
Long-term population viability of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is threatened by unusually high levels of mortality as they swim to their spawning areas before they spawn. Functional genomic studies on biopsied gill tissue from tagged wild adults that were tracked through ocean and river environments revealed physiological profiles predictive of successful migration and spawning. We identified a common genomic profile that was correlated with survival in each study. In ocean-tagged fish, a mortality-related genomic signature was associated with a 13.5-fold greater chance of dying en route. In river-tagged fish, the same genomic signature was associated with a 50% increase in mortality before reaching the spawning grounds in one of three stocks tested. At the spawning grounds, the same signature was associated with 3.7-fold greater odds of dying without spawning. Functional analysis raises the possibility that the mortality-related signature reflects a viral infection.

None of that probably makes sense to you, but here is a link to a Mark Hume article, originally published March 20, 2011 in the Globe and Mail:

http://thecanadian.org/hot-links/it...ia’-is-to-blame-for-decline-of-fraser-sockeye

If Dr. Miller is not allowed to testify at the Cohen Inquiry, it will definitely be time to cause some political upset.
 
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Read this in the paper this morning, wasn't too happy about it! Unfortunately I wasn't too surprised either...
 
I think it is safe to say that the virus in question is the ISA Infectious Salmon Anemia virus spread from the Norwegian salmon farms.

http://www.sportfishingbc.com/forum...ctious-salmon-disease-would-spell-big-trouble

That would explain why the Harper government did a flip-flop after pressure from the Norwegian fish farms was put on to keep this study quiet and obtain a gag order on the biologists/scientist who conducted it.

It really goes to show how complicit our federal government is with these Norwegian fish farms!

It is f*cking disgusting when you're own government conspires against you!
 
Dear Wild SalmonPeople:

This article below tells us where the problem with our wild salmon comes from.... deep within Ottawa. This bad and wrong for us and for future generations.

Justice Cohen, Dr. Miller, myself and others need you to show up to witness the Aquaculture Hearings at the Cohen Commission in late August and early September. Wild salmon are politically inconvenient, forcing the politicians in power to bite the hands that feed them because they need free-flowing rivers, lakes, rivers, streams and an ocean free of oil slicks, toxic algae and gender bending chemicals, and trees on the mountain sides.Salmon need the same thing we need. When 100 of us paddled the lower Fraser and were joined by 100s more to walk in the pouring rain to the openingof the inquiry to ask Justice Cohen to release the fish farm disease records we succeeded. No judge or government has done this anywhere else in the world despite many fighting salmon feedlots worldwide.

And now unless the salmon people stand by those of us in there fighting, we will be silenced too. We are powerless without you.

The hearings are in Vancouver across from the Vancouver Art Gallery CohenCommission.ca

See also salmonaresacred.org for events

Thank all of you who have sent funds, you are keeping this movement alive.

Hope to see you Justice Cohen needs to know this matters.

alex

TODAY'S VANCOUVER SUN....
Ottawa silences scientist over West Coast salmon study
By Margaret Munro, Postmedia NewsJuly 27, 2011 8:22 AM

Read more: http://www.canada.com/technology/Ottawa+silences+scientist+over+West+Coast+salmon+study/5162745/story.html#ixzz1TKOP1YKA
 
I think it is safe to say that the virus in question is the ISA Infectious Salmon Anemia virus spread from the Norwegian salmon farms.

http://www.sportfishingbc.com/forum...ctious-salmon-disease-would-spell-big-trouble

That would explain why the Harper government did a flip-flop after pressure from the Norwegian fish farms was put on to keep this study quiet and obtain a gag order on the biologists/scientist who conducted it.

It really goes to show how complicit our federal government is with these Norwegian fish farms!

It is f*cking disgusting when you're own government conspires against you!


There is absolutely no doubt in my mind it is ISA. A few folks in the Fisheries/Aquaculture faculty at VIU predicted this in the late 1990's and guess what. I just wish one of CBC's journalist shows like The Passionate Eye or the Fifth Estate would take a stab at uncovering some of this but then again, the Feds pretty much control that medium as well.
 
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With all due respect to my fellow fishin'-bro's, if not for the seriousness of this situation imperiling Pacific salmon I would find these latest outbursts laughable!

Those of us who have been opposing and battling government and the salmon farmers for over a decade now have rung the alarm-bells 'loud & true' that this would happen.

So many scorned Alex, and Volpe and all the NGO's who cried foul about this industry years and years ago. We've all had ample warning and evidence about the pollution, disease & parasite spread, and escaping fish that has followed this terrible industry's rampage around the globe; it's progress paved on the palms of greasy politician's. So many have sat on our duff's while our own government - the very Stewards of our Great Fishes - signed the death warrant for Pacific salmon, while continuing their decieptful promotional campaign lauding the employment benifits of the industry.

Our government is prepared to send Pacific salmon the way of the Do-do bird for a thousand or so jobs!

What now? Maybe we do something about it?

(Reminder to self: Keep a civil tongue; Government/Industry/Police monitor on-line chat and intercept emails)
 
Truly disgusting, this cover-up is a national disgrace, proving once again that our own government is not only not working on our behalf, but is more concerned with a few foreign firms and optics than doing the jobs they were sent to Ottawa for. It is past time to turn up the heat and expose these jerks to the world and make them be held accountable for their actions and lack of positive action. Enough is enough.
 
EDITORIAL 28 Jul 2011Times Colonist
Muzzling scientists wrong

Taxpayers paid for Kristi Miller’s important research on why West Coast salmon stocks have been crashing. The Department of Fisheries and Oceans, for which she works, wanted the information made public.
There is great public concern about the future of salmon.
And when Science, a leading research journal, published the findings in January, it notified 7,400 journalists worldwide and advised them how to seek interviews with Miller, who leads a $6-million salmon-genetics project at the federal Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo.
Then the Privy Council Office in Ottawa — the top bureaucrats — stepped in and muzzled Miller, Postmedia News reported this week. She was ordered not to talk to journalists or speak publicly about her team’s research. Those in control in Ottawa also ordered the Fisheries Department not to issue a news release about the study, saying that it “was not very good, focused on salmon dying and not on the new science aspect.” (The research identified a genetic marker associated with increased death rates for Fraser sockeye and “raises the possibility” that a viral infection might be to blame.)
The gag order remains in effect more than six months later.
The official excuse, that Miller must be silenced because the Cohen Commission is examining Fraser River sockeye declines, is transparently stupid. Scientists’ public discussion of their work won’t affect a judicial inquiry. In any case, Miller is expected to testify next month.
And the silencing fits with a Harper government pattern of muzzling scientists previously able to speak freely about their work. Scientists are now required to obtain permission from political staffers before speaking. If they are allowed to speak, they must stick to “media lines” approved by strategists and ministers’ aides. The result has been a great reduction in public information from federally employed scientists researching climate change, food safety, fisheries and other issues.
The public is best served by a free flow of such information. The government’s attempt to silence scientists suggests it is not interested in allowing the facts to get in the way of its ideology in making decisions.
 
Welcome to the butt-covering, paranoid, command and control style of government that Stephen Harper likes and has created. Mind you he learned form some of the best in the 'business' in the persons of Messrs Mulroney and Chretien.

Be it Liberal, Conservative, Democrat, Republican it really doesn't make much difference. Our elected leaders listen to the money first and foremost.
 
This copy is foryour personal, non-commercial use only.

Genomic Signatures Predict
Migration and Spawning Failure
in Wild Canadian Salmon

Kristina M. Miller,1,2* Shaorong Li,1 KariaH. Kaukinen,1 Norma Ginther,1 Edd Hammill,3
Janelle M. R. Curtis,3 David A. Patterson,4 ThomasSierocinski,5 Louise Donnison,5 Paul Pavlidis,5
Scott G. Hinch,2 Kimberly A. Hruska,2 StevenJ. Cooke,6 Karl K. English,7 Anthony P. Farrell8

Long-term population viability of FraserRiver sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is threatened by unusually high levels of mortality as they swim to their spawning areas before they spawn. Functional genomic studies on biopsied gilltissue from tagged wild adults that were tracked through ocean and river environments revealed physiological profiles predictive of successful migrationand spawning. We identified a common genomic profile that was correlated with survival in each study. In ocean-tagged fish, a mortality-related genomic signature was associated with a 13.5-fold greater chance of dying en route. In river-tagged fish, the same genomic signature was associated with a 50% increase in mortality before reaching the spawning grounds in one of three stocks tested. At the spawning grounds, the same signature was associated with 3.7-fold greater odds of dying without spawning. Functional analysis raises the possibility that the mortality-related signature reflects a viral infection.

For 60 years preceding the early 1990s, approximately 8 million sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) returned annually from thePacific Ocean to Canada’s Fraser River basin to spawn. However, since then,sockeye salmon productivity has declined precipitously to the point that returns in 2009 were less than the replacement rate. Consequently, the long-term viability of the wild salmon resource in British Columbia, worth over $1 billion dollars annually, is in doubt. Indeed, several of these Canadian stocks are at risk of extinction (1, 2). In 2009, the prime minister of Canada announced a judicial inquiry into this salmon collapse, which has occurred despite substantial reductions in fisheries harvest. Contributing to the collapse have been massive (40 to 95%) mortalities of adult sockeye salmon before spawning, both in the Fraser River en route to spawning areas and on spawning grounds (3). The causal mechanisms of this premature mortality have eluded multidisciplinary research by scientists and fisheries managers (4). However,the three functional genomics studies presented here reveal a striking and consistent association between a powerful genomic signature and salmonmortality.

Seven of the last 10 summers have been the warmest on record for the Fraser River, and biotelemetry has revealed high losses of migrating sockeye in regions of elevated river temperature (5). Warmer water reduces the delivery of oxygen to the tissues (aerobic scope) of salmon (6) and allows more rapid development of infections (7). Our preliminary studies also suggest that some fish are stressed before they reach the river, further impairing their survival (8). The current study was undertaken to advance our mechanistic understanding of the role ofsalmon condition (before mortality events occur) on migration and spawning successin the river. We combined established methodologies of nonlethal biopsy ofocean- and river-caught salmon with watershed-scale biotelemetry to follow the fate of tagged fish migrating upstream (9, 10). Functional genomics and tracking of individuals were used to correlate physiological profiles with failed migrations and reproduction. Gene expression was profiled in gill tissue, arespiratory and ionoregulatory organ that is highly responsive to stress,chemical exposure, and disease.

Returning adult salmon caught in the ocean and river were gastrically implanted with a radio transmitter—or a Peterson disctag if caught at spawning areas—and biopsied for blood, gill, muscle, and fin tissues (10); fin tissue was used to genetically identify sockeye stocks (11). We tracked individual fish with radio-receivers deployed throughout the Fraser watershed (fig. S1) to identify date of river entry (for ocean-tagged fish) and in-river fate (location the fish waslast detected). Expression profiles were compared between fish that arrived at spawning areas (successful migrants) with those that perished en route. Previous biotelemetry data showed that largelosses of sockeye in the upper river (above Hells Gate) (fig. S1) cannot be attributed to river fisheries, which are largely restricted to the lower river (12). Thus, to minimize interference from fisheries activities we contrasted expression profiles only for survivors and fish disappearing above Hells Gate in the ocean-tagging study (n = 35 salmon), comprising Late Shuswap Adams fish released 215 and 300 km from the river mouth, in Johnstone Strait and Juan de Fuca Strait, respectively (fig. S1 and table S1). The larger freshwater tagging study (n = 104 salmon) occurred 69 km upstream of the river mouth on Late Shuswap (largely Adams), Chilko, and Scotch Creek stocks that perished throughout the Fraser River drainage but survived at least 2 days after tagging (to minimize tagging and handling effects). Because large numbers of fish [for example, >80% (3)] can die on the spawning areas before spawning, we tagged fish at the Weaver Creek spawning area (fig. S1) and compared the genomic signatures of 11 failed and4 12 successful spawners. The ocean and freshwater studies used a salmonid16K feature cDNA microarray (13, 14), in which 11,535 of the 16,008 genes havegene annotations, whereas the spawning study used a salmonid 32K feature cDNA microarray (15), which contained an additional 16K genes, 7513 with geneannotations (16, 17).

Supervised analyses of the ocean-tagging data(analysis of variance and computer algorithm) to detect genes differentially expressed between successful and unsuccessful migrants did not yield asignificant result, suggesting that a single physiological mechanism was not likely to be responsible for all river mortality. Alternately, by taking an unsupervised principal component (PC) analysis approach we identified the underlying gene expression patterns in the data and assessed the top five PCs for associations with fate. Among the top five PCs, only PC1 (explaining 12% of the variance in the data) yielded a ranking of fish that showed a significant correlation with survival (Mann-Whitney U = 183, with P= 0.03). Further data inspection revealed a complex relationship between fate and PC1, with enrichmentat the negative and positive ends of the PC1 distribution, encompassing approximately 60% of the fish in the study (Fig. 1A). Upper river mortalities were twice as common in the PC1 negative and three times less common in the PC1 positive ends, corresponding to an odds ratio (OR) of 13.5. Moreover, arrival at the receiver adjacent to Adams River spawning areas was on average 15 days faster for successful PC1-negative migrants than successful PC1-positive migrants, 10 days faster after river entry. In 2006, successful spawners also swam upstream slower than fish that failed [20.0 versus 15.5 km/day (18)].

Taken together, these results showed that upto 60% of fish contained a gene expression signature
in seawater >200 km from the river that was predictive of in-river fate, which in 2006 represented over 2.4 million LateShuswap fish.

We hypothesized that a similar pattern would existin the freshwater-tagging study. Comparing only successful migrants and upper-river mortalities (n = 56 salmon), the first PC of the freshwater tagging data was related to PC1 of the ocean-tagging data (see below). Again, an over-representation of unsuccessful migrants was apparent on the extreme PC1-negative end of the distribution, with the odds of successful migration five times lower in the first third of PC1-negative fish as compared with all remaining fish in the study (c2, P < 0.05) (Fig. 1B). PC2 to PC5 showed no correlation with survival, and supervised analyses did not yield a significant result (17).

The larger freshwater-tagging study included fishthat went missing throughout the Fraser River and sufficient sample sizes from three salmon stocks so as to facilitate a more precise analytical approach.Using all but known fisheries losses for these stocks [n = 72 salmon; see (17)for fisheries analyses], the first four PCs along with stock and sex were included as explanatory variables in survivorship analysis (17). Parametric survival analysis revealed a significant stock *PC1 interaction [F2,65 = 7.30, P =0.026].
 
Continued:

Further analysis revealed a significant relationship between PC1 and survival for Scotch Creek fish [F1,14=4.97, P=0.026] but not for Chilko or Late Shuswap salmon (P > 0.05) (Fig. 2). Although the stock *PC3 interaction [F2,65 = 6.44, P = 0.040] was also significant, the relationship was not significant when individual stocks were considered (17).PC2, PC4, and sex were not explanatory. Differences observed among stocks suggest that some are more severely affected than others. However, other influences could include stock-specific differences in travel time to the receiver adjacent to spawning tributaries (averaging 12, 17, and 24 days, respectively, for Chilko, Scotch, and Late Shuswap), travel time from last receiver to spawning areas (7 days Chilko versus 1 day Scotch/Late Shuswap), and levels of subsequent mortality on spawning areas.

To obtain groups of significant genes for functional analysis, we used t tests to compare samples in the extreme PC1-positive and –negative quartiles for both studies. A reproducible pattern of gene expression correlated with fate emerged. 1603 genes were significant at P < 0.001 in saltwater, and 2762 genes were significant in fresh water. 498 genes were common to both independent datasets, of which 97% were directionally congruent and 90% were up-regulated in PC1-negative fish (fig. S2).

To test the hypothesis that the same genomic signature was also associated with premature mortality at the Weaver Creek spawning area,we used the significant genes from the freshwater t test to cluster successful and unsuccessful spawners. Two well-differentiated clusters emerged, with>70% of unsuccessful spawners in the cluster associated with thePC1-negative mortality-related signature. Salmon with this signature were 3.7 times less likely to spawn thanthose with a PC1-positive– related signature, despite reaching the spawning area.To assess changes in the signature that may occur closer to spawning, we conducted a t test between the two clusters; 2507 significant genes were resolved (P < 0.001), of which 1136 were on the 16K array, with 36% overlap for freshwater and/or saltwater t test gene lists, 98% of which were directionally congruent (Fig. 1C and fig. S2). The correlation between genomic signatures associated with poor survival throughout return migration was further supported by quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction validation of six genes (APR-3, ATP6V1C1, FKBP2, C4B,SCHC, and CYP46A1) that showed even more consistent up-regulation in the mortality related signature fish in all three tagging studies than revealed onmicroarrays (table S2).

Physiological differentiation along the PC1 axisescalated appreciably during migration into the river and toward spawning areas, with 25 biological processes differentially affected in the ocean, 34 in fresh water, and 47 at spawning (Fig. 3 and table S3) (17). Furthermore, an intensification of complement-mediated inflammatory and perforin-mediatedapoptotic processes occurred for fish containing the mortality-related signature.Immune stimulation of these same fish was indicated by T-cell activation/proliferation and induction of a Th1 cellular immune response through interferon activation of the virus-specific innate JAK/STAT pathway. Some of the most consistent and/or significantly up-regulated genes (such as Mx, STAT1, IRF1, PRF1, MHC1a, PCSK5,and TCRa) have known linkages with viral activity (Fig. 1C and table S4).Moreover, 65% of affected biological processes were consistent with responsesto viral infections (table S3); within these processes, many key regulators co-optedby or activated in response to viruses were differentially expressed (17).These data indicate that fish containing the genomic signature correlated with elevated mortality may be responding to viral infection [details are in (17)]. Linkages also existed with genes associated with leukemia, most notably cell lymphoblastic leukemia lymphoma (fig. S3 andtables S3 and S4).

This correlative data set cannot be used to assign cause to the association between a preexisting signature and subsequent mortality. However, we can eliminate the possibility that this signature simply relates to the inevitable senescence of salmon after spawning because the mortality survival–associated PC1 signature showed relatively stronger differentiation on the spawning area, when salmon were within 1 to 3 weeks of death, than in the ocean, when salmon were 3 to 10 weeks from death. The relatively stronger association with survival in the ocean-tagging study also suggests tagging effects did not appreciably influence the genomic relationships of PC1 with mortality (17). Moreover, because the mortality related signature preexisted before river entry, it cannot reflect a response to stress of moving from seawater to fresh water. In fact, few indications of a general stress response existed within the mortality-related signature; DNA damage was theonly stress-specific biological process upregulated, as indicated by elevated expression of more than 20 genes (such as KIN, RAD51, CRY5, and NSMCE2) (Fig.3). However, these fish could have experienced salinity stress in seawater induced by a premature transcriptional shift in osmoregulatory genes [Na+/K+ adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) isoforms 1a, 1b, and a3 (fig. S5) and PRL, SHOP21,CIRBP, CLIC5 SLC5A1, and FXYD3] better suited for fresh water (17). Indeed,elevated chloride and osmolarity were anti-correlated with PC1 of ocean-tagged fish (Spearman rank = –0.33 and –0.27, respectively), supporting a 2006 tagging study that associated plasma ionic imbalances with coastal mortality (19) and salinity challenge experiments that revealed higher mortality for sockeye held in saltwater as compared with isoosmotic or fresh water (20). As a result, we speculate that osmoregulatory dysfunction of salmon containing the mortality-related signature may have contributed to ocean mortality and possibly stimulated faster entry into fresh water.

This combination of watershed-scalebiotelemetry and functional genomics of wild salmon in nature has yielded new insight into one potential physiological mechanism associated with survivorship during return migration. Migrating salmon are expected to markedly transform gene expression, given the required physiological demands associated with upstream swimming, environmental shifts, maturation, fuel depletion, and senescence. Ourstudy revealed a mechanistic signature associated with premature mortality of salmon measurable >1 month to <1 week ahead of death and throughout the river. Our hypothesis is that the genomic signal associated with elevated mortality is in response to a virus infecting fish before river entry and that persists to the spawning areas.

24 August 2010; accepted 1 December 2010 10.1126/science.1196901

http://www3.carleton.ca/fecpl/pdfs/Science%20-%20Miller%20et%20al%202011.pdf

References and Notes you will have to get yourself... it was a post limited (10,000) thing! :eek:
 
If Dr. Miller is not allowed to testify at the Cohen Inquiry, it will definitely be time to cause some political upset.

Well, we all had a great opportunity to show our dissatisfaction earlier this year but for some reason some key MPs supporting the fish farm industry were able to come out again with their seats. C'mon people, if not even such an opportunity was used to set a signal, what kind of "political upset' are you expecting from the Canadian public? A semi-loud fart? Laughable, and exactly what the governement thinks of such "threats". I am sorry, but it's our own fault as much as anybody else's.
 
Well, we all had a great opportunity to show our dissatisfaction earlier this year but for some reason some key MPs supporting the fish farm industry were able to come out again with their seats. C'mon people, if not even such an opportunity was used to set a signal, what kind of "political upset' are you expecting from the Canadian public? A semi-loud fart? Laughable, and exactly what the governement thinks of such "threats". I am sorry, but it's our own fault as much as anybody else's.
Ah... YEP X2!

"Justice Cohen, Dr. Miller, myself and others need "you" to show up to witness the Aquaculture Hearings at the Cohen Commission in late August and early September."
 
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