These too:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/mpo-dfo/Fs70-5-2015-005-eng.pdf
The ability of hydrodynamic models to inform decisions on the siting and management of aquaculture facilities in British Columbia
M.G.G Foreman, P.C. Chandler, D.J. Stucchi, K.A. Garver, M. Guo, J. Morrison, D. Tuele
Fig 14, p. 26; Fig. 18, p.32; Fig. 19, p. 35
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Formal comment on: Piscine reovirus: Genomic and molecular phylogenetic analysis from farmed and wild salmonids collected on the
Canada/US Pacific Coast
Molly J. T. Kibenge, Yingwei Wang, Alexandra Morton, Richard Routledge,Frederick S. B. Kibenge
Published: November 30, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188690
Miller KM, Günther OP, Li S, Kaukinen KH, Ming TJ (2017) Molecular indices of viral disease development in wild migrating salmon. Conserv Physiol 5(1): cox036; doi:10.1093/conphys/cox036.
p. 28:
“
Importantly, the diseases caused by these viruses [Viruses PMCv, PRv and Salmon alphavirus (Sav)], all of which cause inflammation of the heart, can affect swimming behavior, causing either lethargy or erratic swimming (McLoughlin et al., 2002; Kongtorp et al., 2004; Haugland et al., 2011), sub-lethal physiological impacts that may not be detrimental to farmed fish (i.e. a slow day on the farm) but carry significantly enhanced risk of predation in wild fish.
PRv has been associated both with HSMI in Atlantic salmon and jaundice syndrome-related diseases in Pacific salmon in Norway (Rainbow trout—Olsen et al., 2015) and Chile (Coho salmon—Godoy et al., 2016). While challenge studies with the North American strain of PRv (98% similar to strains in Norway) have not resulted in compelling evidence of disease (Garver et al., 2015, 2016), clearly both diseases described in farmed salmon in Norway and Chile do exist in association with PRv in BC (Di Cicco et al., 2017; Miller, unpublished data), and wild fish with the outward appearance of jaundice (yellowing of the belly and under the eye) have been observed.
The fact that this virus can be observed in both farm and wild settings, sometimes at modest to high loads, in the absence of histological presentation of disease, has caused some to question whether PRv can cause disease in wild fish (Garseth et al., 2013; Marty et al., 2015).
However, our analyses of farm audit salmon provided evidence that the VDD biomarkers were able to discriminate fish diagnosed with HSMI (Atlantic salmon) and jaundice (Pacific salmon), both associated with PRv, from viral negative fish and from fish diagnosed with bacterial or parasitic diseases. For many viruses, challenge studies have already demonstrated impacts on physiological performance, which as suggested previously, may enhance impacts of sub-lethal disease in wild fish.
Secondary impacts associated with enhanced predation risk may ensue if visual acuity, swim performance, and/or feeding and growth are affected (Miller et al., 2014). Impacts on swim performance have been demonstrated in association with disease from IHNv, ISAv, IPNv, VHSv (Meyers, 2006), PMCv (Haugland et al., 2011) and PRv (Kongtorp et al., 2004).
Impacts on feeding and growth, which may also have ramification on size-selective predation and energetic potential for predation escapement, have also been demonstrated for IPNv (Meyers, 2006), PRv (Kongtorp et al., 2004), SAv (McLoughlin et al., 1998) and VHSv (Baulaurier et al., 2012). Enhanced pathogenicity has been demonstrated for several viruses in association with elevated water temperatures (IHNv—La Patra et al., 1979, IPNv— Dobos and Roberts, 1983, VEN/ENV—Korsnes et al., 2005).
As a result, these viruses may show stronger impacts on both wild and farmed salmon in a warming climate.”
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
